MATLAB Function Reference |
Solve initial-boundary value problems for systems of parabolic and elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) in one space variable and time
Syntax
Arguments
m |
A parameter corresponding to the symmetry of the problem. |
pdefun |
A handle to a function that defines the components of the PDE. |
icfun |
|
bcfun |
A handle to a function that defines the boundary conditions. |
xmesh |
A vector [x0 , x1 , ..., xn ] specifying the points at which a numerical solution is requested for every value in tspan . The elements of xmesh must satisfy x0 < x1 < ... < xn . The length of xmesh must be >= 3 . |
tspan |
A vector [ |
|
Some options of the underlying ODE solver are available in |
Description
sol = pdepe(m,pdefun,icfun,bcfun,xmesh,tspan)
solves initial-boundary value problems for systems of parabolic and elliptic PDEs in the one space variable and time . pdefun
, icfun
, and bcfun
are function handles. See Function Handles in the MATLAB Programming documentation for more information. The ordinary differential equations (ODEs) resulting from discretization in space are integrated to obtain approximate solutions at times specified in tspan
. The pdepe
function returns values of the solution on a mesh provided in xmesh
.
Parameterizing Functions Called by Function Functions, in the MATLAB mathematics documentation, explains how to provide additional parameters to the functions pdefun
, icfun
, or bcfun
, if necessary.
pdepe
solves PDEs of the form:
(2-2) |
The PDEs hold for and . The interval must be finite. can be 0, 1, or 2, corresponding to slab, cylindrical, or spherical symmetry, respectively. If , then must be >=
0.
In Equation 2-2, is a flux term and is a source term. The coupling of the partial derivatives with respect to time is restricted to multiplication by a diagonal matrix . The diagonal elements of this matrix are either identically zero or positive. An element that is identically zero corresponds to an elliptic equation and otherwise to a parabolic equation. There must be at least one parabolic equation. An element of that corresponds to a parabolic equation can vanish at isolated values of if those values of are mesh points. Discontinuities in and/or due to material interfaces are permitted provided that a mesh point is placed at each interface.
For and all , the solution components satisfy initial conditions of the form
(2-3) |
For all and either or , the solution components satisfy a boundary condition of the form
(2-4) |
Elements of are either identically zero or never zero. Note that the boundary conditions are expressed in terms of the flux rather than . Also, of the two coefficients, only can depend on .
In the call sol = pdepe(m,pdefun,icfun,bcfun,xmesh,tspan)
:
m
corresponds to .
xmesh(1)
and xmesh(end)
correspond to and .
tspan(1)
and tspan(end)
correspond to and .
pdefun
computes the terms , , and (Equation 2-2). It has the form
The input arguments are scalars x
and t
and vectors u
and dudx
that approximate the solution and its partial derivative with respect to , respectively. c
, f
, and s
are column vectors. c
stores the diagonal elements of the matrix (Equation 2-2).
When called with an argument x
, icfun
evaluates and returns the initial values of the solution components at x
in the column vector u
.
bcfun
evaluates the terms and of the boundary conditions (Equation 2-4). It has the form
ul
is the approximate solution at the left boundary xl
= and ur
is the approximate solution at the right boundary xr
= . pl
and ql
are column vectors corresponding to and evaluated at xl
, similarly pr
and qr
correspond to xr
. When and , boundedness of the solution near requires that the flux vanish at . pdepe
imposes this boundary condition automatically and it ignores values returned in pl
and ql
.
pdepe
returns the solution as a multidimensional array sol
. = ui
= sol
(:
,:
,i
) is an approximation to the i
th component of the solution vector . The element ui
(j
,k
) = sol
(j
,k
,i
) approximates at = (tspan
(j
),xmesh
(k
)).
ui
= sol
(j
,:
,i
) approximates component i
of the solution at time tspan
(j
) and mesh points xmesh(:)
. Use pdeval
to compute the approximation and its partial derivative at points not included in xmesh
. See pdeval
for details.
sol = pdepe(m,pdefun,icfun,bcfun,xmesh,tspan,options)
solves as above with default integration parameters replaced by values in options
, an argument created with the odeset
function. Only some of the options of the underlying ODE solver are available in pdepe
: RelTol
, AbsTol
, NormControl
, InitialStep
, and MaxStep
. The defaults obtained by leaving off the input argument options
will generally be satisfactory. See odeset
for details.
Remarks
tspan
-
The pdepe
function performs the time integration with an ODE solver that selects both the time step and formula dynamically. The elements of tspan
merely specify where you want answers and the cost depends weakly on the length of tspan
.
xmesh
-
Second order approximations to the solution are made on the mesh specified in xmesh
. Generally, it is best to use closely spaced mesh points where the solution changes rapidly. pdepe
does not select the mesh in automatically. You must provide an appropriate fixed mesh in xmesh
. The cost depends strongly on the length of xmesh
. When , it is not necessary to use a fine mesh near to account for the coordinate singularity.
ode15s
. pdepe
exploits the capabilities of ode15s
for solving the differential-algebraic equations that arise when Equation 2-2 contains elliptic equations, and for handling Jacobians with a specified sparsity pattern.
pdepe
tries to adjust them before beginning the time integration. For this reason, the solution returned for the initial time may have a discretization error comparable to that at any other time. If the mesh is sufficiently fine, pdepe
can find consistent initial conditions close to the given ones. If pdepe
displays a message that it has difficulty finding consistent initial conditions, try refining the mesh.
No adjustment is necessary for elements of the initial conditions vector that correspond to parabolic equations.
Examples
Example 1. This example illustrates the straightforward formulation, computation, and plotting of the solution of a single PDE.
This equation holds on an interval for times .
The PDE satisfies the initial condition
It is convenient to use subfunctions to place all the functions required by pdepe
in a single M-file.
function pdex1 m = 0; x = linspace(0,1,20); t = linspace(0,2,5); sol = pdepe(m,@pdex1pde,@pdex1ic,@pdex1bc,x,t); % Extract the first solution component as u. u = sol(:,:,1); % A surface plot is often a good way to study a solution. surf(x,t,u) title('Numerical solution computed with 20 mesh points.') xlabel('Distance x') ylabel('Time t') % A solution profile can also be illuminating. figure plot(x,u(end,:)) title('Solution at t = 2') xlabel('Distance x') ylabel('u(x,2)') % -------------------------------------------------------------- function [c,f,s] = pdex1pde(x,t,u,DuDx) c = pi^2; f = DuDx; s = 0; % -------------------------------------------------------------- function u0 = pdex1ic(x) u0 = sin(pi*x); % -------------------------------------------------------------- function [pl,ql,pr,qr] = pdex1bc(xl,ul,xr,ur,t) pl = ul; ql = 0; pr = pi * exp(-t); qr = 1;
In this example, the PDE, initial condition, and boundary conditions are coded in subfunctions pdex1pde
, pdex1ic
, and pdex1bc
.
The surface plot shows the behavior of the solution.
The following plot shows the solution profile at the final value of t
(i.e., t = 2)
.
Example 2. This example illustrates the solution of a system of PDEs. The problem has boundary layers at both ends of the interval. The solution changes rapidly for small .
This equation holds on an interval for times .
The PDE satisfies the initial conditions
In the form expected by pdepe
, the equations are
The boundary conditions on the partial derivatives of have to be written in terms of the flux. In the form expected by pdepe
, the left boundary condition is
and the right boundary condition is
The solution changes rapidly for small . The program selects the step size in time to resolve this sharp change, but to see this behavior in the plots, the example must select the output times accordingly. There are boundary layers in the solution at both ends of [0,1], so the example places mesh points near 0
and 1
to resolve these sharp changes. Often some experimentation is needed to select a mesh that reveals the behavior of the solution.
function pdex4 m = 0; x = [0 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.95 0.99 0.995 1]; t = [0 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 1.5 2]; sol = pdepe(m,@pdex4pde,@pdex4ic,@pdex4bc,x,t); u1 = sol(:,:,1); u2 = sol(:,:,2); figure surf(x,t,u1) title('u1(x,t)') xlabel('Distance x') ylabel('Time t') figure surf(x,t,u2) title('u2(x,t)') xlabel('Distance x') ylabel('Time t') % -------------------------------------------------------------- function [c,f,s] = pdex4pde(x,t,u,DuDx) c = [1; 1]; f = [0.024; 0.17] .* DuDx; y = u(1) - u(2); F = exp(5.73*y)-exp(-11.47*y); s = [-F; F]; % -------------------------------------------------------------- function u0 = pdex4ic(x); u0 = [1; 0]; % -------------------------------------------------------------- function [pl,ql,pr,qr] = pdex4bc(xl,ul,xr,ur,t) pl = [0; ul(2)]; ql = [1; 0]; pr = [ur(1)-1; 0]; qr = [0; 1];
In this example, the PDEs, initial conditions, and boundary conditions are coded in subfunctions pdex4pde
, pdex4ic
, and pdex4bc
.
The surface plots show the behavior of the solution components.
See Also
function_handle
(@
), pdeval
, ode15s
, odeset
, odeget
References
[1] Skeel, R. D. and M. Berzins, "A Method for the Spatial Discretization of Parabolic Equations in One Space Variable," SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, Vol. 11, 1990, pp.1-32.
pcolor | pdeval |
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