buttord (Signal Processing Toolbox)

Butterworth filter order and cutoff frequency

Syntax

[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs,'s')

Description

buttord calculates the minimum order of a digital or analog Butterworth filter required to meet a set of filter design specifications.

Digital Domain

[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs) returns the lowest order, n, of the digital Butterworth filter that loses no more than Rp dB in the passband and has at least Rs dB of attenuation in the stopband. The scalar (or vector) of corresponding cutoff frequencies, Wn, is also returned. Use the output arguments n and Wn in butter.

Choose the input arguments to specify the stopband and passband according to the following table.

Description of Stopband and Passband Filter Parameters
Parameter
Description

Wp
Passband corner frequency Wp, the cutoff frequency, is a scalar or a two-element vector with values between 0 and 1, with 1 corresponding to the normalized Nyquist frequency, radians per sample.

Ws
Stopband corner frequency Ws, is a scalar or a two-element vector with values between 0 and 1, with 1 corresponding to the normalized Nyquist frequency.

Rp
Passband ripple, in decibels. This value is the maximum permissible passband loss in decibels.

Rs
Stopband attenuation, in decibels. This value is the number of decibels the stopband is down from the passband.

**Description of Stopband and Passband Filter Parameters**
Parameter	Description
`Wp`	Passband corner frequency `Wp`, the cutoff frequency, is a scalar or a two-element vector with values between 0 and 1, with 1 corresponding to the normalized Nyquist frequency, radians per sample.
`Ws`	Stopband corner frequency `Ws`, is a scalar or a two-element vector with values between 0 and 1, with 1 corresponding to the normalized Nyquist frequency.
`Rp`	Passband ripple, in decibels. This value is the maximum permissible passband loss in decibels.
`Rs`	Stopband attenuation, in decibels. This value is the number of decibels the stopband is down from the passband.

Use the following guide to specify filters of different types.

Filter Type Stopband and Passband Specifications
Filter Type
Stopband and Passband Conditions
Stopband
Passband

Lowpass
Wp < Ws, both scalars
(Ws,1)
(0,Wp)

Highpass
Wp > Ws, both scalars
(0,Ws)
(Wp,1)

Bandpass
The interval specified by Ws contains the one specified by Wp (Ws(1) < Wp(1) < Wp(2) < Ws(2)).
(0,Ws(1)) and (Ws(2),1)
(Wp(1),Wp(2))

Bandstop
The interval specified by Wp contains the one specified by Ws (Wp(1) < Ws(1) < Ws(2) < Wp(2)).
(0,Wp(1)) and (Wp(2),1)
(Ws(1),Ws(2))

**Filter Type Stopband and Passband Specifications**
Filter Type	Stopband and Passband Conditions	Stopband	Passband
Lowpass	`Wp` < `Ws`, both scalars	`(Ws,1)`	`(0,Wp)`
Highpass	`Wp` > `Ws`, both scalars	`(0,Ws)`	`(Wp,1)`
Bandpass	The interval specified by `Ws` contains the one specified by `Wp` (`Ws(1) < Wp(1) < Wp(2) < Ws(2)`).	`(0,Ws(1))` and `(Ws(2),1)`	`(Wp(1),Wp(2))`
Bandstop	The interval specified by `Wp` contains the one specified by `Ws` (`Wp(1) < Ws(1) < Ws(2) < Wp(2)`).	`(0,Wp(1))` and `(Wp(2),1)`	`(Ws(1),Ws(2))`

If your filter specifications call for a bandpass or bandstop filter with unequal ripple in each of the passbands or stopbands, design separate lowpass and highpass filters according to the specifications in this table, and cascade the two filters together.

Analog Domain

[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs,'s') finds the minimum order n and cutoff frequencies Wn for an analog Butterworth filter. You specify the frequencies Wp and Ws similar those described in the Table , Description of Stopband and Passband Filter Parameters table above, only in this case you specify the frequency in radians per second, and the passband or the stopband can be infinite.

Use buttord for lowpass, highpass, bandpass, and bandstop filters as described in the Table , Filter Type Stopband and Passband Specifications table above.

Examples

Example 1

For data sampled at 1000 Hz, design a lowpass filter with less than 3 dB of ripple in the passband, defined from 0 to 40 Hz, and at least 60 dB of attenuation in the stopband, defined from 150 Hz to the Nyquist frequency (500 Hz). Plot the filter's frequency response:

Wp = 40/500; Ws = 150/500;
[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,3,60)
n =
     5
Wn =
    0.0810
[b,a] = butter(n,Wn);
freqz(b,a,512,1000); title('n=5 Butterworth Lowpass Filter')

Example 2

Next design a bandpass filter with passband of 60 Hz to 200 Hz, with less than 3 dB of ripple in the passband, and 40 dB attenuation in the stopbands that are 50 Hz wide on both sides of the passband:

Wp = [60 200]/500; Ws = [50 250]/500;
Rp = 3; Rs = 40;
[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
n =
    16
Wn =
    0.1198    0.4005
[b,a] = butter(n,Wn);
freqz(b,a,128,1000)
title('n=16 Butterworth Bandpass Filter')

Algorithm

buttord's order prediction formula is described in [1]. It operates in the analog domain for both analog and digital cases. For the digital case, it converts the frequency parameters to the s-domain before estimating the order and natural frequency, and then converts back to the z-domain.

buttord initially develops a lowpass filter prototype by transforming the passband frequencies of the desired filter to 1 rad/s (for lowpass and highpass filters) and to -1 and 1 rad/s (for bandpass and bandstop filters). It then computes the minimum order required for a lowpass filter to meet the stopband specification.

See Also

butter, cheb1ord, cheb2ord, ellipord, kaiserord

References

[1] Rabiner, L.R., and B. Gold. Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1975. Pg. 227.

butter cceps